The United States is entering into a new era in which energy, manufacturing, and computing are converging into a single growth engine: the “electro-industrial” stack.

Investment is clustering where policy reliability, regulatory ease, economic capacity, physical infrastructure (especially power and interconnection), and market momentum align. The states and regions that can build capacity the fastest via the grid, factories, data centers, and the upstream supply chains that feed them will set the pace for growth and the stage for competition for the remainder of the century.

So which states are best poised to take the lead?  Based on these key factors, particularly market momentum and policy reliability, five state archetypes emerge.

Together, these archetypes underlie the next phase of US industrial development and illuminate where investment is already clustering, where it’s likely to go next, and what lagging states must do to join the race:

• Momentum Hubs (Arizona, California): In these states, the market is out in front of government. These are the states already building at scale: massive solar and battery projects, a humming data-center pipeline, and tangible cluster formation. Their momentum has come largely from corporate investment and geography rather than statehouse design, and the question is whether policy ambition (in Arizona’s case) and regulatory streamlining (in California’s) can further catalyze private markets and encourage additional investment.
• Fast‑Track Builders (Texas, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Ohio, Idaho): These are pragmatic executors rather than grand declarers. They’ve combined regulatory ease, site readiness, and infrastructure investment to move projects from announcement to operation faster than almost anywhere else. The challenge here is sustaining the build-out through consistent policy follow-through.
• Policy Champions (New York, Michigan, Virginia, Oregon, Washington, North Carolina, Wisconsin, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania): These governments are the most organized around electro-industrial sectors: they’re writing legislation, launching incentive programs, and weaving economic-development tools into a coherent industrial policy fabric. The buildout on the ground is steady but measured—these are states laying long-term scaffolding that could yield large dividends once markets align.
• Open‑Door Starters (Vermont, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Mississippi, Iowa): Jurisdictions where permitting is relatively straightforward and infrastructure foundations are sound, but large-scale investment has yet to take off. These states could pivot quickly with the right anchor projects or federal-state partnerships, yet their success will depend on moving beyond ad-hoc deals to a fuller policy toolkit.
• Early‑Stage Starters (e.g., Missouri, New Hampshire, Kentucky, Maine, Alabama, Louisiana, Indiana, West Virginia, Montana, Arkansas): Here, both the policy stack and market signal remain nascent. A few are beginning to test programs or attract first-mover plants, but most are still stitching together the institutional basics: site authorities, workforce pipelines, and dedicated financing mechanisms.

The market momentum and policy reliability levers should work in tandem to have the best chance at getting projects off the ground and maintain that momentum as these technologies continue to improve. Low regulatory burdens are encouraging investment in the short term, but significant deployment is likely to strain local housing and infrastructure without accompanying policy ambition. In other words, states need to develop a targeted investment-led strategy to meet the electro-industrial future. Our recent report GREASE Lightning: A Playbook for Investment-Led, State-Driven Electro-Industrial Economies, provides guidance on policy best practices in designing investment-led strategies.